From a technical point of view, solar cells are just one of the components in an electricity-generating system that consists of PV modules, inverters, and BOS components. From economic, financial, and policy perspectives, solar cells are just one element in a power – generating equipment; its efficiency depends on the quantity of energy the system produces, the system lifetime, installation costs, operating and maintenance costs, a range of financial options, and governmental incentives.

PV power generation is largely dependent on the solar energy resources of the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to know the distribution of the solar energy resources in the country. The distribution of solar energy resources has some limitations like restrictions by weather and geographic conditions.  Currently, the fundamental restrictive factor for growth in PV power development is the high cost. Solar cells account for over 60% of the value of a PV power plant. Consequently, developing efficient, cheap, stable, reliable, and long-lasting solar cells constitutes the priority of the PV technology globally.

For the time being, the R & D of the solar industry mainly stresses on the commercialized Si crystalline solar cells, CIGS, CdTe, and concentration solar cells. Consideration is also given for next – generation solar cells like crystalline Si thin – film cells, dye- sensitized cells, organic thin- film cells, nanometer cells, and spectral absorption cells, through large investment and research efforts. In the coming of solar industry, the remote power applications required smaller expensive solar modules that were generally assembled in a fixed position. The initial cost of the solar modulus in U.S. dollar per watt was the basic economic metric, and the early solar subsidies and incentives were based on this metric. Tracking the sun for these smaller systems just increased expenses, and there was no financial incentive to do so. Recently, solar cell systems have gotten larger in scale, and the economic metric has decreased to cents per kilowatt hour.

By following the sun all day, the module’s productivity usually increases by 25 – 40%. At present, the tracking becomes the preferred option for many high-scale applications. For ground-mounted solar systems producing electricity for peak power, solar tracked systems now go beyond 50% of the new installations. Solar tracking systems on commercial buildings at rooftops become economically attractive options. Fortunately, commencing with the solar FIT in Germany, the government incentives now endorse systems that maximize the kilowatt hour produced and minimize the cost of solar electricity in cents per kilowatt hour. Trackers are a supplementary hardware modulus used to elevate the energy output from solar cells.

The PV manufacturing industry has grown dramatically in recent years due to a strong demand from markets.  Global production of solar cells and modules has grown at an average annual rate of 49.5% since 2002. The production of solar cells worldwide reached over 37.2 GW in 2011, up from 27.4 GW manufactured in 2010.  The European market accounted for 68% of the worldwide solar production. Germany, Italy, China, the United States and France are the top five PV markets, making up 74% of global demand in 2011, according to Marketbuzz. Nowadays China and Taiwan are the largest producers of solar cells in the world, accounting for 74% of world solar cell production, up from 63% in 2010.

While turning sunlight into electricity, photovoltaic systems use resource, which has an unlimited potential in practice. Therefore, the energy from the sun has a direct, positive effect on the energy independence and security of supply. Energy independence and source diversification become factors with increasing importance for economic stability and political security. As energy from PV systems may be produced anywhere and in small scale, it provides energy supply diversification at national, regional, local and individual level.  PV power plants has already become a winning investment for many homeowners, farmers and enterprises globally. By delivering secure, renewable energy for the society in decentralized manner, photovoltaic power production represents a technology, that guarantee security, prosperity and sustainability for the global economy. Driven by the rising oil prices, global warming, and a deteriorating environment, clean renewable energy is getting increased attention globally.  All these factors boost the support for the advancement of this sustainable energy technology that optimizes energy efficiency.

Author: Rumen Dimitrov, MSE, CEO of  Oto Group JSC

The future of mobile technologies are the “smart” spectacles, which in addition to serving as Smart phones, will add an updated real-time information about what we see in our visual field.

Nowadays many people have and enjoy the comfort of smartphones and tablets. These sevices, hybrid between PC and mobile phone, facilitate our lives with the most functionality and access to information: they direct us by GPS navigation, display weather forecast, send messages to friends, give the opportunity for surfing the Internet, and take pictures and what not. Now imagine, that all of this is done by your Google eyeglasses.

From  Google  officially confirmed that the spectacles with the so-called “augmented reality” are developed by a special team responsible for the most secret and innovative projects, including Google’s self-driving cars and space elevator. The idea behind these spectacles is to integrate all the functionality of modern mobile devices into reality. For this purpose, they will be equipped with a transparent screen, through which all available information will be lay on on what we see.

The spectacles will recognize what we look at through a built-in camera and according to this they will display the contextual menus and data. The device will have a microphone and headphones and will be managed by voice commands, leaving the hands free. The vision of Google is that technology must be available when you need it, and not to be an obstacle, when you do not need it. Therefore, all menus and all the information will be in our visual field and we can hide it are reveal it with only one word.

Of course, the new development will make use of the other products of company as “Google maps” and “Google+ ,“ and probably will be driven by the operating system “Android.” The project most probably will not be ready for market by the end of the year, but despite this, it is not only a dream. The spectacles with “augmented reality” are tested by the staff of the IT giant and even now there are different models of them, which are installed on ordinary eyeglasses or on viewfinders in style of “Star Trek.”

“With this suit, we’re going straight to the source,” declared the company. The suspension of these services will cut off access to users who abuse with them. Also, this will be a warning to other spammers that we shall fight with them.” The purpose of these legal proceedings is to deny others who wish to disseminate unsolicited messages or create software for spam, noted the management of the company. In addition, the micro blogging service improves the algorithms for determining spam and checks of short URLs, which are used to direct users to sites with malicious codes.

The Company has a large team of specialists and programmers who are responsible for security and are engaged in combating spam; it seems the problem is growing despite the measures and this enforced the social network to take legal actions. The five software programs on which proceedings were initiated are: Garland Harris, James Lucero, TweetBuddy, TweetAdder and TweetAttacks. For example, TweetAdder allows users to create and manage multiple accounts and through them to pour other users with numerous unwanted messages. According to Twitter, those software applications violate the General Rules of Social Networking. “We focus on these distributors of software tools, because they deliberately create programs that allow their users to flood others with large quantities of spam messages,” commented by Twitter.

Recently the site for electronic classifieds Craigslist has won a legal victory against spammers and received compensatory damages at the amount of $ 200 thousand, recalls Gizmodo.com. Earlier Facebook initiated legal actions against Adscend Media, which used the social network for the distribution of spam.

According to Wired.com, the probability Twitter to win the cases against spammers is high. The micro blogging service takes this step to protect the interests of 140 million active users.

Anything you do online is almost worthless without search engine visibility that allows more people to visit your website. It doesn’t matter how many web sites and blogs you make, how much time you spend writing quality articles if you never get enough traffic.

Web Traffic = Potential Customers = Money and Profits

 There are a lot of paid and free of cost different ways of obtaining targeted traffic to your website. In this article I briefly point to a few quick and easy ways to help you instantly flood your website with a high amount of targeted traffic quickly and easily, thus optimizing and increasing your search engine ranking and visibility as follows:

Search Engines

When anyone is looking for something online, the first place he searches is the search engine. The search engines are probably the first and most reliable navigation method of choice. The only change is the popularity of various search engines over the years, with Google currently dominating by huge market share of 82, 62 %.

Directories

Directory submission is another very popular method of generating back‐links in a short time. With online directories, you can add your website manually or using specific software into categories and instantly increase traffic to your website. The best approach is to increase gradually the number of back‐links that are featured within each directly.

 Article Marketing

Many people receive tens of thousands visitors every month just from their articles, thus making substantial profits from that traffic! Articles won’t usually get a lot of traffic directly from article directories. Their importance as a marketing tool comes from the authority and the rating that the major directories receive from the search engines. In addition, having in mind that most article directories allow for other webmasters reprinting your articles (retaining your author’s resource box), you can generate an additional traffic from all websites featuring your content.

 Forum Marketing

There are lots of online forums around where people participate in order to discuss the issues that interest them. This way, the forums represent a base for additional traffic. Used properly, this marketing SEO tool can be extremely successful if done correctly. The trick to using forum marketing effectively is to be patient. Make sure to post thoughtful, helpful and competent messages. Reply to questions and give people efficient answers.

Tutorial Sites

Surprisingly many people visit these sites. If the goods or services you sell involve anything that can be linked to a tutorial, then it is useful to use this web marketing tool. Create a small tutorial, related to your niche/product if there is an area, which needs additional explanation or learning.

 Blog Commenting

In order to receive more back-links from blogging, you must simply develop an article or content that offers helpful advice, or information, rather than referring them directly to your sales page. It’s also important to use anchor text within your blog comments, especially if you want to rank for various keyword phrases.

 Video Marketing

Video marketing is another comparatively new marketing strategy that many site and blog owners consider useful. It is possible to make a simple video very quickly by putting together a slide show presentation with Microsoft PowerPoint or Publisher and exporting it to video format. It only takes minutes to submit your video to YouTube and some of the other video sharing websites.

 Social Marketing

Although social marketing can be an efficient SEO tool, it is also a complicated one. It is not enough to just to build large lists of followers and send your links to them. You must post them interesting and useful information on a regular basis.  If your comments and posts are considered efficient for the subscribers in your list, your site or blog will receive more traffic and this will make your efforts much more effective. The two best sites for general social marketing are Facebook and Twitter.

 Safelists

A safelist is an email marketing list that is usually free, but may be paid. You join the list, and you are allowed to send your own mailings out to the other people, and they can send their offers to you.

 Feeder Sites

Feeder sites are pages that are hosted on various free hosts and web 2.0 sites around the web that can attract search engine traffic and funnel it to your site in the same way as article marketing. These sites can be very useful for pulling in search engine traffic and funneling it through to yours. 

First and foremost, let me make it clear to you that search engine optimization is not the only way to gain massive amounts of traffic! You see, search engine result pages are in sense just web pages – similar to regular websites around the web. It is only so lucrative to have your website listed on the top of search engine results because many people use the search engine to search for information and arrive on the search engine results page. Hence, loads of people see your site’s link and you attract loads of traffic.

The effect would have been exactly the same if your website is mentioned in a website with very high traffic. For example, imagine what would happen if your website was mentioned on the front page of Yahoo’s website! Your website will receive so many visitors your bandwidth might go over the limit. So, the trick is to get other high-traffic websites in your niche to link to your website. To do this, you must give them very strong reasons to link to you – maybe it’s this very thought-provoking article you’ve posted on your site, maybe it’s the ingenious solution to this lifelong problem everyone has had for all their lives. In short, give people amazing reasons or value to earn a link from them.

Alternatively, you may link to a certain high-traffic website that’s related to yours and ask for a link back. This technique is called reciprocal linking and is a very common technique for gaining links. However, before you even ask for the link, check your own website and ask yourself if you would be proud to recommend such a site to your readers, and whether it will provide useful information to your readers. In short, make sure your website has its own value and not just an empty shell devised to attract traffic!

 A computer security risk is any action that could cause lost of information, software, data, processing incompatibilities, or cause damage to computer hardware,   a lot of these are planned to do damage. An intentional breach in computer security is known as a computer crime which is slightly different from a cypercrime. A cybercrime is known as illegal acts based on the internet and is one of the FBI’s top priorities.  There are several distinct categories for people that cause cybercrimes, and they are refereed as hacker, cracker, cyberterrorist, cyberextortionist, unethical employee, script kiddie and corporate spy.  The term hacker was actually known as a good word but now it has a very negative view.

Over the internet there is no powerful administrator which makes the risk a lot higher. If your not sure if your computer is vulnerable to a computer risk than you can always use some-type of online security service which is a website that checks your computer for email and Internet vulnerabilities. The company will then give some pointers on how to correct these vulnerabilities.  The Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Center is a place that can do this. The typical network attacks that puts computers at risk includes viruses, worms, spoofing, Trojan horses, and denial of service attacks.

Every unprotected computer is vulnerable to a computer virus which is a potentially harming computer program that infects a computer negatively and altering the way the computer operates without the user’s consent. Once the virus is in the computer it can spread throughout infecting other files and potentially damaging the operating system itself. It’s similar to a bacteria virus that infects humans because it gets into the body through small openings and can spread to other parts of the body and can cause some damage. The similarity is, the best way to avoid is preparation.  A computer worm is a program that repeatedly copies itself and is very similar to a computer virus. However the difference is that a virus needs o attach itself to an executable file and become a part of it. A computer worm doesn’t need to do that I seems copies to itself and to other networks and eats up a lot of bandwidth. A Trojan horse named after the famous Greek myth and is used to describe a program that secretly hides and actually looks like a legitimate program but is a fake.  A certain action usually triggers the Trojan horse, and unlike viruses and worms they don’t replicate themselves. Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses are all classifies as malicious-logic programs which are just programs that deliberately harms a computer.  Although these are the common three there are many more variations and it would be almost impossible to list them.

You know when a computer is infected by a virus, worm, or Trojan horse if one or more of these acts happen: screen shots of weird messages or pictures appear, you have less available memory then you expected, music or sounds plays randomly, files are corrupted, programs are files don’t work properly, unknown files or programs randomly appear or system properties fluctuate.

Computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses deliver their payload or instructions through four common ways:

One, when an individual runs an infected program so if you download a lot of things you should always scan the files before executing, especially executable files.  Second, is when an individual runs an infected program.  Third, is when an individual bots a computer with an infected drive, so that’s why it’s important to not leave media files in your computer when you shut it down.   Fourth -when it connects an unprotected computer to a network.

Today, a very common way that people get a computer virus, worm, or Trojan horse is when they open up an infected file through an email attachment. There are literally thousands of computer malicious logic programs and new one comes out by the numbers so that’s why it’s important to keep up to date with new ones that come out each day. Many websites keep track of this. There is no known method for completely protecting a computer or computer network from computer viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, but people can take several precautions to significantly reduce their chances of being infected by one of those malicious programs.

Whenever you start a computer you should have no removable media in he drives. This goes for CD, DVD, and floppy disks. When the computer starts up it tries to execute a bot sector on the drives and even if it’s unsuccessful any given various on the bot sector can infect the computer’s hard disk. If you must start the computer for a particular reason, such as the hard disk fails and you are trying to reformat the drive make sure that the disk is not infected.

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